Four deferric agents were synthesized for the testing. Knowledge of the chemical makeup of the particular oil, whether it is a crude oil or refined fuel oil, is critical in making response decisions when there is spill. Demulsifiers are added to the crude oil in this process step. In addition to fueling our suvs and illuminating our cities, crude oil and its byproducts fertilize our produce, pave our roads, and make plastic possible. Desalting of crude oil is an essential part of the refinery operation. A desalter is a process unit in an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil. This part of the book also includes an appendix section with an item on much used data such as converging factors, selected crude oil assays and an example of optimising a refinery configuration using linear programming.
In order to overcome this problem chemical demulsifiers are added to promote the. Crude is the unexpurgated story of oil, from the circumstances of its birth millions of years ago to the spectacle of its rise as the indispensable ingredient of modern life. The journal includes timely articles on the demulsification, desalting, and desulfurizing of crude oil. The salt content of the crude measured in pounds per thousand barrels can be as high as 2000. The book covers important topics, such as clean fuels, gasification, biofuels, and. This is exactly what we would expect from the yearlong flood of noahs day. Crude oil chemistry vasily simanzhenkov, raphael idem. Subject terms desalting, thermal, membrane, multistage flash distillation, multieffect distillation, vapor compression, reverse.
Crude and residual fuel desalting can be used to remove watersoluble contaminants such as salts, acids, and bases. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 2. The two most typical methods of crudeoil desalting, chemical and electrostatic. In the case of waterincrudeoil emulsions, a balanced optimum formulation is. Choose from 500 different sets of crude oil chemistry flashcards on quizlet. Study on the deferrization and desalting for crude oils.
Three highiron crude oils were studied for iron distributions, deferrization, and desalting in the desalting process. A desalting system such as the one shown schematically in fig. The transportation of these crude oils through pipe lines has led to erosiveand corrosive effects, which are a tremendous cost to the petroleum industry. The final chapter is in part a glossary and in part a dictionary of the terms and expressions used in petroleum refining. Petroleum downstream crash course 6 desalting youtube. Salt dissolved in water brine enters the crude stream as a contaminant during the production or. The type and size specification of the desalter is. Salt dissolved in water brine enters the crude stream as a contaminant during the production or transportation of oil to refineries. In addition to fueling our suvs and illuminating our cities, crude oil and its byproducts fertilize. The journal includes timely articles on the demulsification, desalting, and. The chemistry of oil strongly suggests that it was formed rapidly from the remains of plant and animal matter. This article focuses on the use of electrostatic desalters to produce a dehydrated, desalted crude oil with a low sediment content. Prior to being charged to the refinery units, crude oils are unloaded to storage tanks, then blended.
Designing and testing a chemical demulsifier dosage. Introduction when the crude oil enters the unit, it carries with it some brine in the form of very fine water droplets emulsified in the crude oil. Although distillation is usually known as the first process in petroleum refineries, in many cases, desalting should take place before distillation figure 3. Which methods are correct to determine salt content in ptb pounds per thousand barrel. The first oil refinery unit is crude oil desalting. Troubleshooting the refinery desalter operation journal.
The process starts by mixing the raw crude oil with an appropriate amount of washing water. Crude oil desalter and electrostatic dehydrator market. In order to overcome this problem chemical demulsifiers are added to. Crude oil desalting is usually the initial process that is carried out during upstream operations. When the crude oil enters the unit, it carries with it some brine in the form of very fine water droplets emulsified in the crude oil. William bill finch x bill finch is a passionate operations leader for onshore oilfield, gas plant, and pipeline operations. Crude storage, blending, desalting, distillation and treating.
Desalting is a waterwashing operation performed initially at the production field and thereafter at the refinery site for additional crude oil cleanup. In chemical desalting, water and chemical surfactant demulsifiers are added to the crude, heated so that salts and other impurities dissolve into the water or attach to the water, and then held in a tank where. The salt is dissolved in the water in the crude oil, not in the crude oil itself. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. Guide to the practical use of chemicals in refineries and pipelines. The salt content of the crude measured in pounds per thousand barrels ptb can be as high as 2000. Crude oil chemistry is foremost a scientifically exact guide to the full family of classical and modern analytical and process technologies in petroleum refining. If you want to know about the chemistry of oil, pick another book, if you want to know about political.
Non standard tests for predict impact of crude oil quality on. The process starts by mixing the raw crude oil with an appropriate amount of washing water also known as dilution water. Aug 12, 2003 crude oil chemistry is foremost a scientifically exact guide to the full family of classical and modern analytical and process technologies in petroleum refining. We determine the process economics for two cases of twostage electrostatic desalting in a refinery. Demulsifying agents are added at this stage to aid in breaking the emulsion by. Purchase guide to the practical use of chemicals in refineries and pipelines 1st. In widening its vision also to incorporate a geological history of petroleum formation, presentday geopolitical and economic issues, and approaches to redress and improve the delicate ties between the petroleum. A properly designed and operated crude oil desalter is capable of removing much more than chloride salts and sediment from crude oil.
The salt content after the desalter is usually measured in ptb pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil. Students in chemical engineering, practitioners in refineries, and consultants to the oil and gas industry. Most petroleum is a fossil fuel, formed from the action of intense pressure and heat on buried dead zooplankton and algae. Noaas office of response and restoration is the primary science adviser to the u. In widening its vision also to incorporate a geological history of petroleum formation, presentday geopolitical and economic issues, and approaches to redress and. The book covers every aspect of crude oil, natural gas, refining, recovery, and any other area of petroleum engineering that is useful for the engineer to know or to be able to refer to, offering practical solutions to everyday engineering problems and a comprehensive reference work that will stand the test of time and provide aid to its readers. Feb 01, 2008 the author touches upon the history of oil, the usage of different forms of oil hydrocarbons in various aspects of our lives, the bio chemistry of various fractions, the processes for exploring drilling, the availability, the pricing of oil and the privatepublic enterprises responsible for it. Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only, we call these type of compounds hydrocarbons. The book also contains unique chapters on midstream operations, learnings from major accidents, and safetyenvironmental laws and regulations. The washing water as a volume percent of the crude oil processed could oscillate between 3 and 10%, depending on the api gravity of the crude oil the heavier the crude oil, the more the water required.
The chemistry of oil explained by flood geology the. Modelling and optimising of crude oil desalting process. A comprehensive guide to understanding and operating a modern crude oil desalter. Electrostatic desalting of opportunity crude oils chemical. Chemistry and technology of fuels and oils publishes reports on improvements in the processing of petroleum and natural gas and cracking and refining techniques for the production of highquality fuels, oils, greases, specialty fluids, additives and synthetics. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Aimed at students and professionals, this book covers every major aspect of petroleum.
Fundamentals of petroleum refining 1st edition elsevier. Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only, we call these type of compounds hydrocarbons we represent hydrocarbons in the following ways. The undesirable impurities, especially salts and water, need to be removed by dewatering and desalting prior to distillation. Much of this material was reorganized, updated, and rewritten with greater emphasis on reaction chemistry and the role of catalysis in applications. Pdf experimental investigation of crude oil desalting and. By reading this presentation, the reader agrees not to disclose any information contained in the presentation without the prio. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. The desalting is usually the first process in crude oil refining. Pdf experimental investigation of crude oil desalting. Flexibility in desalting operations for opportunity crudes. May 27, 2010 the aim of this paper is to present an artificial neural network ann controller trained on a historical data set that covers a wide operating range of the fundamental parameters that affect the demulsifier dosage in a crude oil desalting process. Technology, economics, and markets is a book written for users, the practitioners of refining, and all. Crude oil cracking chemistry oil refinery free 30day.
A crude oil desalter is a device used in petroleum refineries to remove. Typically, refinery fouling starts with the introduction of the refinery feedstock crude oil or the blends of crude oils with the dewateringdesalting unit and the crude oil atmospheric distillation unit, but other units where the whole crude is the feedstock can also be affected. Crude oil desalting water washing water is mixed with the incoming crude oil through a mixing valve. Crude oil desalting emulsion sodium chloride free 30. Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1 259 31 liquefied petroleum gas c3 c4 42 1 44 31 naphtha c5 c17 36 302 97 575 gasoline c4 c12 1 216 31 421. The fractions recovered from the atmospheric distillation tower include naphtha, kerosene, diesel and bottoms liquid called atmospheric resid. If the desalter can process or water concentration fluctuations in the crude. Salt and water content specifications are even more rigid because of their negative effect in downstream processes due to corrosion, and catalyst deactivation. Larry kremer, baker petrolite crude oil quality group may 29, 2003 this presentation contains the proprietary information of baker petrolite corporation. Crude oil chemistry 1st edition vasily simanzhenkov.
Learn crude oil chemistry with free interactive flashcards. Hydrogen to carbon ratios affects the physical properties of crude oil. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products vii during any oil spill incident, the properties of the spilled oil must be known immediately. Simplified desalting process flow diagrams for different configurations. Construction boxscore hpi market data book process handbooks. It is formed from the remains of plants and animals which died millions of years ago. Oil probably originates in sedimentary rocks which were originally deposited by moving water. The desalter removes salt, water and other contaminants from crude oil prior to distillation in an atmospheric tower. The aim of this paper is to present an artificial neural network ann controller trained on a historical data set that covers a wide operating range of the fundamental parameters that affect the demulsifier dosage in a crude oil desalting process. An optimum formulation concept is presented to describe emulsion breaking in. Technically, the term petroleum only refers to crude oil, but sometimes it is applied to describe any solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. The water dissolves salt crystals and the mixing distributes the salts into the water, uniformly producing very tiny droplets. This paper investigates experimentally the effect of five factors gravity settling, chemical treatment, freshwater injection, heating, and mixing on.
High oil content in the desalter effluent water can cause environmental constraints. The history of crude oil desaltingdehydration plant ddp has been. In widening its vision also to incorporate a geological history of petroleum formation, presentday geopolitical and economic issues, and approaches to redress and improve the delicate ties between the petroleum industry and the. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals refining james g. The saltsmay be present in crude oil in amounts ranging from a few pounds to over lb. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Alrick moodie february 2007 refining is boiling oil a large part of refining involves separating the different fractions of crude oil and other intermediate streams. Petroleum crude oil composition by weight hydrocarbon average range paraffins 30% 15 to 60% naphthenes 49% 30 to 60% aromatics 15% 3 to 30% asphaltics 6% remainder. Rules of thumb for petroleum engineers wiley online books. Crude oil desalter encyclopedia article citizendium.
Crude oil desalting technology is used to remove residual salts from crude oil so that it can be processed in a refinery without corroding and fouling heaters, exchangers, and other equipment. There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering. Refining involves a wide variety of chemical reactions and understanding refining chemistry not only allows the refiner to understand the means by which these products can be formed from various feedstocks, but also offers a chance of process predictability of the process chemistry leading to process evolution for the refinery to accommodate the different types of crude oil as well. Non standard tests for predict impact of crude oil quality. Desalters can remove more than salts and sediment journal. I have done a test to determine the value of chloride for crude oil entering desalter using mercury nitrate titration method.
While water boils at a single temperature, crude oil boils over a wide range of temperatures. Crude oil desalter malfunctions access engineering. The designed controller was tested and implemented on. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil. Distillation can be considered as the heart of any refinery. Therefore, over the years chemical and petroleum refining engineers have developed special methods or correlations to estimate the. I just returned from a troubleshooting assignment at the hunt refinery in tuscaloosa, alabamathe home of the crimson tide. Petroleum or crude oil is any naturallyoccurring flammable mixture of hydrocarbons found in geologic formations, such as rock strata. Mar 06, 2016 course book about petroleum chemistry ii 3 1. The two most typical methods of crude oil desalting, chemical and electrostatic separation, use hot water as the extraction agent. Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds it is formed from the remains of plants and animals which died millions of years ago. Learn how a crude oil desalter functions and operates from an experienced engineer who has worked in design, operations and chemicals. Thermophysical properties of crude oils and petroleum fractions, including.
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